Verb Phrases & Tenses
A
verb phrase consists of a main verb alone, or a main verb plus any modal and/or
auxiliary verbs. The main verb always comes last in the verb phrase:
Sebuah
frasa verba terdiri dari kata kerja utama saja, atau kata kerja utama ditambah
modal dan / atau kata kerja bantu. Kata kerja utama selalu datang terakhir
dalam kalimat verba
(mo
= modal verb; aux = auxiliary verb; mv = main verb)
We
all [MV]laughed.
Computers
[MO]can [MV]be very annoying!
An
apartment [MO]would [AUX]have [MV] cost less than a hotel for four of us.
Tony
[MO]might [AUX]have [AUX]been [MV] waiting outside for you.
· Verb
phrase berdasarkan traditional grammar adalah kelompok kata berupa
main verb (kata kerja utama( dan auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu), sedangkan
berdasarkan generative grammar adalah predicate — main verb beserta seluruh
elemen yang melengkapinya: auxiliary verb, complement (objek kalimat), dan/atau
modifier, namun tidak termasuk subjek kalimat.
Verb
Phrase
Traditional
Grammar main verb
Generative
Grammar +/- auxiliary verb + main verb +/- complement +/-
modifier
Keterangan:
Complement
(objek kalimat) dibutuhkan jika kata kerja utama berupa transitive verb.
Modifier
dapat berupa adjective, adverb, atau konstruksi lain yang berfungsi seperti
salah satu dari part of speech tersebut.
Contoh-contoh
verb phrase berikut berdasarkan traditional grammar. Keterangan: Verb phrase =
bold.
Contoh
Kalimat Verb Phrase
Keterangan
I enjoy swimming.
(Saya
menikmati berenang.)
enjoy = main verb
You should
see a doctor during pregnancy.
(Kamu
seharusnya mengunjungi dokter selama hamil.)
should = modal auxiliary verb;
see = main verb
It has
just been raining in Bogor.
(Baru
saja turun hujan di
Bogor.)
has, been = auxiliary verb;
just = adverb (modifier);
raining = main verb berupa present participle
Complex
verb phrases
A
complex verb phrase may include one modal verb and one or more auxiliary verbs
before the main verb. A modal verb always comes before any auxiliary verbs:
Sebuah
frase verba kompleks mungkin termasuk salah satu modal kerja dan satu atau
lebih kata kerja bantu sebelum kata kerja utama. Kata kerja modal selalu datang
sebelum kata kerja bantu:
(mo
= modal verb; aux = auxiliary verb; mv = main verb)
House
prices [MO]could [MV]fall during
the next six months. (modal verb + main verb)
You [MO]may [AUX]have [MV]played this
game before. (modal verb + one auxiliary verb)
The
work [MO]should [AUX]have [AUX]been [MV]finished by
30 January. (modal verb + two auxiliary verbs)
TENSES:
ü Simple
Present Tense
Simple Present Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu hal yang terus-menerus
dilakukan, kegiatan sehari-hari, dan juga
untuk menyatakan atau menyebutkan suatu
fakta atau kebenaran
umum. Dalam Simple Present Tense, kata kerja (verb) yang
digunakan adalah
kata kerja (verb) bentuk awal.
Rumus
dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense
(+)
Subject + Verb 1 + Object
(-)
Subject + DON’T / DOESN’T + Verb 1 + Object
(?)
DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
(?)
Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?
ü Present
Continuous Tense
Tense ini digunakan untuk menyebut perubahan bentuk kata kerja berdasarkan
waktu terjadinya. Dalam pengertian Present Continuous Tense
merupakan tense bentuk yang
menunjuk pada tindakan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau ketika pembicaraan
Itu sedang berlangsung
Berikut
rumus present continuous tense untuk membuat kalimat-kalimat
Positif
(+):
subject
+ to be (am, is, are) + Verb – ing + object
Contoh
: I am watching TV now
Negatif
(+):
subject
+ to be + not + verb – ing + object
Contoh
: Hermawan is not going to Jakarta atau
Hermawan
isn’t going to Jakarta
Tanya(?)
:
to
be + subject + verb – ing + object
Is
Mrs. Salsa cooking in the kitchen ?
ü Present
Perfect Tense
Present
Perfect Tense menekankan pada PERFECT nya itu. Perfect kan artinya “sempurna”.
sempurna yang berarti “selesai, sudah, beres, baru saja usai, dsb”. Jadi, kalau
Anda menekankan pada “SUDAH” nya itu maka gunakanlah Present Perfect Tense ini.
Contoh yang paling mengena misalnya: Dia baru saja pergi (She has just gone). :
Positif:
S + have/has + V3
Negatif:
S + have/sas Not + V3
Tanya:
Have/has + S + V3
ü Present
Perfect Continuous
Present
perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan atau peristiwa
yang sudah mulai terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih sedang berlangsung sampai
sekarang.
Pola
kalimat:
(+)
S + have/has + been + V-ing
(-)
S + have/has + not + been + V-ing
(?)
Have/has + S + been + V-ing
ü Simple
Past Tense
Simple past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan
bahwa suatu peristiwa/ kejadian yang dilakukan pada masa lampau dan diketahui
pula waktu terjadinya peristiwa atau kejadian
tersebut.
Rumus
simple past tense
Rumus
simple past tense ada 2, yaitu rumus simple past tense (verbal) dan (nominal);
Verbal
(+)
S + Verb-2 + O + adverb
(-
) S + did + not + Verb-1 + O + adverb
(?)
Did + S + Verb-1 + O + adverb ?
Nominal
(+)
S + tobe-2 (was/ were) + Complement (adjective/ noun (pronoun)/ adverb )
(-
) S + tobe-2 (was/ were) + not + Complement (adjective/ noun (pronoun)/ adverb
)
(?)
Tobe-2 (was/ were) + S + Complement (adjective/ noun (pronoun)/ adverb ) ?
Verb
Tense Overview with Examples
Simple
Present
|
Simple
Past
|
Simple
Future
|
I study English
every day.
|
Two
years ago, I studied English
in England.
|
If
you are having problems, I will help you
study English.
I am going to study English next year. |
Present
Continuous
|
Past
Continuous
|
Future
Continuous
|
I am studying English now.
|
I was
studying English when you called yesterday.
|
I will be
studying English when you arrive tonight.
I am going to be studying English when you arrive tonight. |
Present
Perfect
|
Past
Perfect
|
Future
Perfect
|
I have
studied English in several different countries.
|
I had studied a
little English before I moved to the U.S.
|
I will have
studied every tense by the time I finish this course.
I am going to have studied every tense by the time I finish this course. |
Present
Perfect Continuous
|
Past
Perfect Continuous
|
Future
Perfect Continuous
|
I have been studying English for five years.
|
I had been studying English for five years before I moved
to the U.S.
|
I will have been studying English for over two hours by
the time you arrive.
I am going to have been studying English for over two hours by the time you arrive. |
(Source:http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseintro.html)
Referensi:
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